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<html><head><title>Babylon 5 Behind the Scenes: Literary and Historical References</title><map name="toplevel"><area shape="RECT" coords="0,0,99,23" href="/lurk/universe/intro.html" alt="Universe"><area shape="RECT" coords="100,0,199,23" href="/lurk/episodes.php" alt="Episodes"><area shape="RECT" coords="200,0,299,23" href="/lurk/making/creators.html" alt="People"><area shape="RECT" coords="300,0,399,23" href="/lurk/resources/online.html" alt="Resources"><area shape="RECT" coords="400,0,499,23" href="/lurk/reference/episodes.html" alt="Encyclopedia"><area shape="RECT" coords="0,24,499,31" nohref></map>
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<p><b>Contents:</b><a href="#hist">Historical</a> -<a href="#classic">Classical</a> -<a href="#modern">Modern</a> -<a href="#jmsworks">JMS</a>
<p><hr>
<p>Scattered throughout the series are references, both explicit and subtle,to historical events and literature.  The following are some of them (thislist is incomplete;<a href="mailto:koreth+lgfeedback@midwinter.com">send me mail</a>if you've seen others.)
<h2><a name="hist">Historical references</a></h2>
<ul><li>The most obvious reference is historical; the very name of the seriesimplies a link to<a href="/lurk/ftp/History.Babylonia.html">Babylonian history</a>.JMS has hinted that the long-term storyline bears much resemblanceto the history of ancient Babylon.  Babylon, of course, is frequentlymentioned in the Bible; some of those mentions have been<a href="/lurk/ftp/biblical-references">collected</a>for easy reference.  Also available are introductions to the<a href="http://pubpages.unh.edu/~cbsiren/assyrbabyl-faq.html">Assyrian/Babylonian</a>and<a href="http://pubpages.unh.edu/~cbsiren/sumer-faq.html">Sumerian</a>mythologies.
<p><li>There are also several parallels to World War II, especially in the show'ssecond and third seasons.  Sometimes this is acknowledged explicitly; witnessSheridan's talk about Churchill in<a href="/lurk/guide/038.html">"In the Shadow of Z'ha'dum"</a>or Lantz's line about "peace in our time" in<a href="/lurk/guide/044.html">"The Fall of Night,"</a>which echoes a speech by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain afterBritain signed a treaty with Nazi Germany.
<p><li>Garibaldi is named for Giuseppe Garibaldi, a figure from Italian history.According to "The Columbia History of the World":<blockquote><img alt="" width=80 height=100 align=right src="/lurk/gif/chars/giuseppe.gif">The time was ripe for the whole Italian structure to topple. Whilenorth central Italy was in ferment, clamoring for annexation toSardinia, Giuseppe Garibaldi, the romantic knight of liberty,launched from Genoa the picturesque adventure of his ThousandRed Shirts; he landed in Sicily in May, 1860. His filibusteringexpedition may fairly be described as a joyous war. Sicilyoverrun, Garibaldi crossed the straits to the mainland; heentered Naples in September. Garibaldi was a colorful, romanticenthusiast, an appropriate symbol of Italian nationalist feeling,but he was no diplomat.</blockquote>
<p>The additional reference here is to the original Star Trek; Trek fandomuses the term "red shirts" to refer to the (often disposable) securitypersonnel on the Enterprise, who wear red uniforms.  Naming a securitychief after the head of the real Thousand Red Shirts is thus simultaneouslya historical reference and an inside joke for SF fans.
<p><li>The transport <cite>Marie Celeste</cite>, mentioned in the backgrounddialogue in several episodes, is a reference to a sailing shipfound adrift on the sea in 1872 by the crew of the ship <cite>DeiGratia</cite>.  The <cite>Celeste</cite>'s crew was missing, as was hersingle lifeboat, but there were half-eatenmeals in the mess hall and other evidence the crew had left suddenly.Investigators found that Captain Morehouse of the <cite>Dei Gratia</cite> haddined with Captain Briggs of the <cite>Celeste</cite> the night beforedeparture, and Morehouse and his crew were tried for murder.  There was nohard evidence, and they were acquitted.  The missing crewmen were never found.
<p><li>Sheridan's Starfury is emblazoned with the logo of the Flying Tigers (usedwith the permission of the real-life group, in fact.)
<p><li>The liner <cite>Asimov</cite> is, of course, named after Isaac Asimov.
<p><li>The Rush Act in<a href="/lurk/guide/012.html">"By Any Means Necessary"</a>was named after conservative political commentator and talk-show host<a href="http://www.eskimo.com/~jeremyps/rush/">Rush Limbaugh.</a>
<p><li>Bill Mitchell, Sinclair's wingman in<a href="/lurk/guide/008.html">"And the Sky Full of Stars"</a>,was named after U.S. General Billy Mitchell, who predicted therise of air power.  A vocal critic of the military hierarchy,he was court-martialed for insubordination in 1925.
<p><li>Walker Smith (cf.<a href="/lurk/guide/014.html">"TKO"</a>)was the real name of boxer Sugar Ray Robinson.
<p><li>The swearing-in ceremony in<a href="/lurk/guide/022.html">"Chrysalis"</a>was modeled after the swearing in of Lyndon Johnson after the assassinationof President Kennedy in 1963.
<p><li>The end of Sheridan's speech in<a href="/lurk/guide/023.html">"Points of Departure"</a>was from Abraham Lincoln's 1862 address to the US Congress.  (Thebracketed part wasn't quoted.)
<blockquote>The fiery trial through which we pass, will light us down, in honor or dishonor, to the latest generation.[We know how to save the Union. In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free -honorable alike in what we give, and what we preserve.] We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last best, hope of earth.</blockquote>
<p><li>Anna Sheridan's ill-fated ship, the Icarus(<a href="/lurk/guide/024.html">"Revelations"</a>)is named after a figure from Greek mythology.  Icarus was the son of Daedalus,who built a pair of wings from wax and feathers so Icarus could escape theisland on which they were both imprisoned.  Despite Daedalus' warnings, Icarusflew too close to the sun; his wings melted and he fell to his death.
<p><li>The transport Heyerdahl, on which the ISN reporter arrived in<a href="/lurk/guide/037.html">"And Now For a Word,"</a>is named for Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian anthropologist and explorer.Heyerdahl is most famous for his 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition, in which heattempted to prove that South American natives could have crossed the Pacificby boat and populated the islands of Polynesia.
<p><li>The assignment of political officers to military units (as in<a href="/lurk/guide/049.html">"Voices of Authority"</a>)was common practice in the Soviet Union, as were the purges of high-rankingofficials alluded to in that episode.
</ul>
<h2><a name="classic">Classical literary references</a></h2>
<p><b>See Also:</b><a href="http://www.hypersven.com/poets.corner">Poets' Corner</a>
<p><ul>
<li>Tennyson's<a href="ulysses.html">"Ulysses"</a>is quoted in<a href="/lurk/guide/000.html">"The Gathering"</a>and<a href="/lurk/guide/005.html">"The Parliament of Dreams"</a>.As it's one of Sinclair's (and JMS') favorite literary works, morequotes and parallels are likely.
<li>Sinclair's "How sharper than a serpent's tooth" comment in<a href="/lurk/guide/004.html">"Infection"</a>is a reference to Shakespeare's<A HREF="gopher://wiretap.spies.com/00/Library/Classic/Shakespeare/Tragedies/kinglear.sp">"King Lear"</a>.
<li>Jason Ironheart in<A HREF="/lurk/guide/006.html">"Mind War"</A>says to PsiCop Kelsey, "You cannot harm one who has dreamed a dreamlike mine."  This is a Native American (Ojibwe) prayer of protectionagainst one's enemies.
<li><a href="/lurk/guide/007.html">"The War Prayer"</a>is a reference to a<a href="warprayer.html">Mark Twain story</a>of the same name.
<li><a href="/lurk/guide/015.html">"Grail"</a>and<a href="/lurk/guide/056.html">"A Late Delivery From Avalon"</a>both make reference to<a href="http://reality.sgi.com/employees/chris_manchester/arthur.html">Arthurian legend.</a>
<li><a href="/lurk/guide/036.html">"There All the Honor Lies"</a>is a quote from Alexander Pope's "An Essay on Man."
<li>The title of<a href="/lurk/guide/018.html">"A Voice in the Wilderness"</a>is a Biblical reference:<blockquote>In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judaea,<br>And saying, Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.<br>For this is he that was spoken of by the prophet Esaias, saying, Thevoice of one crying in thewilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. (<cite>Matthew 3:1-3</cite>)</blockquote>
<li>The poem quoted by G'Kar in<a href="/lurk/guide/024.html">"Revelations"</a>is "The Second Coming" by Yeats.  The episode's guide page contains thecomplete poem.
<li>In Londo's dream in<a href="/lurk/guide/031.html">"The Coming of Shadows,"</a>G'Kar appears to be missing his left eye.  This may be a reference to Norsemythology, in which the god Odin gives up his left eye for wisdom.
<li>The title of the third-season episode<a href="/lurk/guide/049.html">"Passing Through Gethsemane"</a>is a reference to the New Testament,<a href="http://www.gospelcom.net/bible?passage=Matthew+26:30-50">Matthew 26:30-50,</a>in which Jesus is failed by Peter and betrayed by Judas.Gethsemane is also referred to, not always by name, in<a href="http://www.gospelcom.net/bible?passage=Mark+14:32-52">Mark 14:32-52,</a><a href="http://www.gospelcom.net/bible?passage=Luke+23:39-51">Luke 23:39-51,</a>and<a href="http://www.gospelcom.net/bible?passage=John+18:1-13">John 18:1-13.</a>
<li>In<a href="/lurk/guide/058.html">"Ship of Tears,"</a>Bester quotes from Edgar Allan Poe's<a href="http://www.literature.org/Works/Edgar-Allan-Poe/amontillado.html">"TheCask of Amontillado."</a>
</ul>
<a href="ships.html"><img        align=middle width=100 height=24 alt="[More Info]" border=0	src="/lurk/nav/moreinfo.gif"></a><em>A list of literary references in B5's ship names.</em>
<h2><a name="modern">Modern literary references</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>The cult TV series<a href="http://itdsrv1.ul.ie/Entertainment/Prisoner/the-prisoner.html">"ThePrisoner"</a>,another favorite work of JMS, is often referenced, such as in<a href="/lurk/guide/006.html#prisoner">"Mind War"</a>and<a href="/lurk/guide/013.html#prisoner">"Signs and Portents"</a>.The bulk of<a href="/lurk/guide/008.html">"And the Sky Full of Stars"</a>also bears much resemblance to several "Prisoner" episodes.
<li>There are possible parallels between some of B5's storyline and the works of<a href="/lurk/ftp/lovecraft.txt">H. P. Lovecraft.</a>(That file contains spoilers up to<a href="/lurk/guide/049.html">"Voices of Authority."</a>)
<li>The antagonist in<a href="/lurk/guide/006.html">"Mind War"</a>was named after Alfred Bester, author of "The Demolished Man," a classicSF work about telepathy.  The novel also featured a telepaths' guild similarin many ways to B5's Psi Corps.  Bester's partner Kelsey was namedafter a character in an Ursula K. LeGuin story.
<li>The interior of the machine in<a href="/lurk/guide/018.html">"A Voice in the Wilderness, Part 1"</a>looks like a visual reference to the 1956 film <cite>Forbidden Planet</cite>,but according to JMS, it's a coincidence.
<li>In<a href="/lurk/guide/020.html">"Babylon Squared,"</a>Major Krantz says, "We've become unstuck in time," a phrase used by KurtVonnegut Jr. in "Slaughterhouse Five."  The episode itself might also beconsidered a reference to that story, to some degree.
<li>Elric, the Technomage in<a href="/lurk/guide/025.html">"The Geometry of Shadows,"</a>is a reference to the hero of the Michael Moorcock series of the same name.
<li>In<a href="/lurk/guide/028.html">"A Spider in the Web,"</a>it's stated that Amanda Carter's great-grandfather John piloted the firstcolony ship to Mars.  "John Carter of Mars" is a classic SF story by EdgarRice Burroughs; the character also appears in other Burroughs stories such as<a href="ftp://mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/etext/etext93/pmars10.txt">"Princess of Mars."</a>See the<a href="http://promo.net/pg/index.html">Project Gutenberg home page.</a>
<li>In<a href="/lurk/guide/038.html">"In the Shadow of Z'ha'dum,"</a>among other episodes, the Ministry of Peace, or Minipax, is a referenceto "1984" by George Orwell.
<li>Marcus quotes from Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" in<a href="/lurk/guide/051.html">"Exogenesis."</a>In the same episode, he also quotes from "Macbeth."
<li>The title of the Crusade episode<a href="/lurk/guide/506.html">"Ruling from the Tomb"</a>is a reference to a quote from T.S. Eliot, "Saint and Martyr rule fromthe tomb."
<li>References to Tolkien's <cite>The Lord Of the Rings</cite> abound.  For more,see an article (not part of the Lurker's Guide) titled<a href="http://katspace.net/b5/myth1.html">"The Mythic Well."</a>
<ul>   <li> <cite>The Lord Of the Rings</cite> takes place at the close of the	Third Age of Middle-Earth.
   <li> The gathering evil is an ancient enemy, once repulsed by the White	Council, one shade removed from grey.
   <li> G'Kar's parting words to Na'toth in	<a href="/lurk/guide/022.html">"Chrysalis,"</a>	"Expect me... when you see me," are Gandalf's parting words to Frodo in	<cite>The Fellowship of the Ring.</cite>
   <li> When Elric warns Vir away in	<a href="/lurk/guide/025.html">"The Geometry of Shadows"</a>	he uses a line from <cite>The Fellowship of the Ring</cite> as well.	In the book, Gildor, an elf heading to the Uttermost West, says this to	Frodo (in reference to Gandalf): 
	<blockquote>	     "... But it is said: Do not meddle in the affairs of wizards, for 		 they are subtle and quick to anger."  	</blockquote>
   <li> The Rangers in	<a href="/lurk/guide/031.html">"The Coming of Shadows"</a>	and other episodes may be a reference as well.  In the books,	the Rangers keep an eye on the growing darkness and report back	to the elves.
   <li> The planet Z'ha'dum, on which explorers discovered an ancient evil	that had been buried for centuries	(<a href="/lurk/guide/038.html">"In the Shadow of Z'ha'dum"</a>)	bears similarity in name and in nature to Khazad Dum, the main kingdom	of the Dwarves.  (Try switching the first two syllables.)  In Tolkien's	story, the Dwarves uncovered an ancient beast, the Balrog, which had	been buried since the First Age.  They fled Khazad Dum; many were	killed, and the place became a gathering point for other creatures	of darkness.  See the guide page for	<a href="/lurk/guide/066.html#khazad">"Z'ha'dum"</a>	for another possible parallel (a spoiler for the episode.)
   <li> The White Star is perhaps a double reference, both to the Black Star	(mentioned in	<a href="/lurk/guide/023.html">"Points of Departure"</a>)	and to the following passage from Tolkien:
	<blockquote>	"There, peeping among the cloud-wrack above a dark tor	high up in the mountains, Sam saw a white star twinkle	for a while.  The beauty of it smote his heart, as he 	looked up out of the forsaken land, and hope returned 	to him.  For like a shaft, clear and cold, the thought	pierced him that in the end the Shadow was only a small	and passing thing:  there was light and high beauty for	ever beyond its reach."	</blockquote></ul>
</ul>
<h2><a name="jmsworks">Babylon 5 References in other JMS works</a></h2>
<p>In the Captain Power episode "Final Stand," Tank mentions that he's from theBabylon 5 Genetic Engineering Colony.
<p>In the Captain Power episode "A Summoning of Thunder Part 2," when Hawk activates the first power suit, Mentor says, "And so it begins."  This has been confirmed by JMS as a "Koshism" he threw in.
<p>In the JMS novel "Othersyde," Babylon 5 is mentioned as one of the characters'favorite TV series.

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<h5>Last update:November 5, 1999
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